Cedrela domatifolia (Meliaceae), un nuevo registro de cedro para el Perú

Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios es registrada por primera vez para Perú en el valle de Chanchamayo, departamento de Junín. Con esta adición se elevan a 11 especies del género Cedrela (Meliaceae) en el Perú. La característica vegetativa más resaltante de C. domatifolia son los domacios prominentes, situados en las axilas de los nervios secundarios de las láminas por el envés. En caracteres florales, los pétalos son de color rojo a fucsia, una característica no común en el género.

A new record of Cedrela domatifolia W. Palacios is presented in Chanchamayo Valley, department of Junin, which adds to 11 the number of Cedrela (Meliaceae) species recorded in Peru. The most notorious vegetative character of the species are the prominent domatia in the axils of the secondary nerves of blades. At floral characters, the petals are red to fuchsia, an uncommon feature in the genus.

Genetic parameters of growth, and resistance to the shoot borer, in young clones of the tree Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae)

Damage by Hypsipyla grandella Zeller restricts the success of plantations of Cedrela odorata. The most critical and vulnerable infection period by H. grandella is during the first three years. The aim was to estimate the expected genetic gain for the selection of clones of fast growth and resistant to the attack by this insect. A trial with 40 clones produced by grafting was planted in Veracruz, Mexico. Heritability, genetic correlations and genetic gain of clones were estimated with data at two years-old. The survival rate of the trial was of 97 % (466 living ramets in total), 2.84 m in total high and 2.32 cm of average normal diameter. Aditionally, 9.9 % of the ramets did not present attacks, indication of evasion, and 0.6 percent without response to attack. With response to attack 89.5 % of the ramets (several degrees of tolerance): 29 % with a single shoot, 14.2 % with several shoots and 46.3 % with a dominant shoot of several shoots formed. The clonal heritability of normal diameter, height, volume, stem taper index, number of attacks and response to the attack was H2c = 0.81, 0.80, 0.81, 0.61, 0.34, and 0.26. The genetic correlations between height, diameter and volume were ≥ 0.95, and the correlation of the volume with the incidence and the response to the attack was rg = -0.31 and rg = 0.62, that is a decrease in number of attacks and moderate increase in tolerance. With a selection intensity of 10 %, selecting the four clones with higher volume will produce a genetic gain of 82 % for volume, a decrease of 10.9 % of number of attacks and 6.3 % of better recovery from damage; this is more tolerance to the insect attack. The genetic gain justifies the use of the best clones in commercial plantations in Veracruz, Mexico.

El daño por Hypsipyla grandella limita el éxito de las plantaciones de Cedrela odorata. El periodo más crítico y vulnerable es durante los primeros tres años. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la ganancia genética esperada en la selección de clones de mayor crecimiento y resistentes al ataque del insecto. Un ensayo de 40 clones producidos por injertos fue plantado en Veracruz, México. Con datos a la edad de dos años se estimaron: la heredabilidad, correlaciones genéticas y ganancia genética de los clones. El ensayo presentó una supervivencia del 97 % (466 rametos vivos en total), con 2.84 m de altura y 2.32 cm de diámetro normal promedio. El 9.9 % de los rametos no presentaron ataques, indicando evasión, y se estimó un 0.6 % sin respuesta al ataque. Con respuesta al ataque 89.5 % de los rametos (diferentes niveles de tolerancia): 29 % con un solo brote, 14.2 % con varios brotes, y 46.3 % con un brote dominante de varios brotes formados. La heredabilidad clonal del diámetro normal, altura, volumen, índice de conicidad, número de ataques y respuesta al ataque fue de H2 c = 0.81, 0.80, 0.81, 0.61, 0.34 y 0.26, respectivamente. Las correlaciones genéticas entre la altura, diámetro y volumen fueron ≥ 0.95, y del volumen con la incidencia y la respuesta al ataque de rg = -0.31 y rg = 0.62, es decir se presentó una disminución en el número de ataques y el aumento moderado en la tolerancia. Con una intensidad de selección del 10 %, seleccionando los cuatro clones de mayor volumen se obtuvo una ganancia genética de 82 % para el volumen, una disminución de 10.9 % de ataques y 6.3 % mejor recuperación del daño, esto es más tolerancia al ataque del insecto. La ganancia genética justifica la utilización de los mejores clones en plantaciones comerciales para Veracruz.

Anti-infective, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata

Objective: To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla (Z. oxyphylla) and Cedrela serrata (C. serrata) in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases. Methods: Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines (human lung fibroblasts) as well as, in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. Results: The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl3 fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots and leaves, and C. serrata bark. The CHCl3 and EtOAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla roots, the CHCl3 fraction of Z. oxyphylla leaves, the EtOAc and the residual MeOH: H2O fraction of C. serrata bark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylo-coccus aureus. The same residual MeOH: H2O fraction of C. serrata bark was active against Candida albicans. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the more hydrophilic EtOAc fractions of Z. oxyphylla leaves, C. serrata bark and leaves, and the residual MeOH:H2O fraction of C. serrata bark. Conclusions: This study supports at least in part the traditional uses of these plants for antimicrobial purposes and against liver diseases.

Anti-infective, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata

Objective To search for the most active antimicrobial and antioxidant sub-fractions related to traditional use of Ziziphus oxyphylla (Z. oxyphylla) and Cedrela serrata (C. serrata) in Pakistan against infectious and liver diseases. Methods Factions of different polarity were tested in vitro for their antiprotozoal, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal activity against different pathogens. Cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cell lines (human lung fibroblasts) as well as, in vitro radical scavenging activity was evaluated using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay. Results The highest antiprotozoal activity was observed for the CHCl

Evaluación de fenoles y limonoides en hojas de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) de una plantación experimental establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz, México / Evaluation of phenols and limonoids in leaves of Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) from an experimental plantation established in Tezonapa Veracruz, Mexico

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) is a native timber tree to Tropical America, known for its high-quality wood, unfortunately, plantations of this species are severely attacked by Hypsipyla grandella. The attraction or repellency of this pest is related to secondary metabolites such as phenols and limonoids (triterpenes); therefore, it is important to study these compounds to understand the phytochemical phenomena behind this problem. With this aim, the concentration of total phenols and limonoides was evaluated in C. odorata leaves from a plantation established in Tezonapa Veracruz, Mexico. For this, a total of 66 tree leaves samples, from seven sites, were analyzed. Phenols and limonoids concentration showed significant differences not only among different provenances, but also among individual trees of the same site (Tukey, p≤0.05). Phenols concentration was variable and in the range from 49 to 223mg EAG/g e for total phenols, from 7 to 158mg EC/g e for flavonoids and from 4 to 104mg EC/g e for proanthocyanidins. Limonoids concentration was also variable, ranging between 227 and 748mg EL/g e. A major compound was found by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Diode Array Detection (HPLC-UV-DAD), which corresponded to a flavonol kaempferol glycoside derivative; additionally, a flavanol catechin was also detected at low concentrations. GC-MS allowed the identification of the sesquiterpenoids β-elemene, E-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, γ-cadinene, D-germacrene, bicyclogermacrene, and the poly terpenoids D-α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol. Our results suggest that the evaluation of phenols may play an important role as a selection parameter for improvement and conservation programs, if they are complemented with conventional breeding practices.

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) es una especie forestal maderable nativa de América Tropical, conocida por la alta calidad de su madera. Plantaciones de esta especie son atacadas severamente por Hypsipyla grandella; la atracción o repelencia de la plaga está relacionada con metabolitos secundarios tipo fenoles y limonoides (triterpenos), por lo que el estudio de estos compuestos es importante para comprender algunos fenómenos fitoquímicos. Se evaluó la concentración de fenoles totales y limonoides en hojas de C. odorata (Meliaceae) de una plantación establecida en Tezonapa Veracruz México, se analizaron 66 individuos de siete procedencias. La concentración de fenoles y limonoides mostró diferencias significativas, no solo entre las procedencias sino también entre los árboles de una determinada procedencia (Tukey, p≤0.05). La concentración de fenoles totales varió de 49 a 223mg EAG/g e, los flavonoides de 7 a 158mg EC/g e y las proantocianidinas de 4 a 104mg EC/g e, mientras que en limonoides se obtuvieron valores de 227 a 748mg EL/g e. Mediante Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución con detector UV-Arreglo de Diodos (HPLC-UV-DAD) se encontró un compuesto mayoritario que corresponde a un flavonol de tipo glicósido de Kaempferol y se identificó el flavanol catequina a bajas concentraciones. Por medio de Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas (CG-MS) se identificaron los sesquiterpenos β-elemeno, E-cariofileno, aromadendreno, humuleno, gama-cadineno, D-germacreno, biciclogermacreno y los poli terpenos Di-α-Tocoferol y β-sitosterol. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la evaluación de los fenoles puede desempeñar un papel importante como parámetro de selección en programas de mejora y conservación, si se complementan con las prácticas convencionales de mejoramiento genético.

Subdoses de glyphosate no desenvolvimento de espécies arbóreas nativas / Glyphosate reduced rates on the development of native tree species

A recuperação de áreas degradadas tem o objetivo de fornecer ao ambiente degradado condições favoráveis a reestruturação em um ambiente que não tem condições de se regenerar por si só, sendo o plantio de mudas arbóreas uma forma efetiva de ampliar este processo. Entretanto as espécies arbóreas nativas têm ritmo de crescimento lento, o que aumenta o tempo da produção da muda, como também diminui a competitividade destas com as plantas daninhas em áreas de implantação de florestas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de subdoses de glyphosate no desenvolvimento de mudas de Psidium cattleyanum (araçá-amarelo), Citharexylum myrianthum (pau-viola) e Cedrela odorata (cedrinho), através da análise de seus parâmetros morfofisiológicos. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido em casa de vegetação, e as unidades experimentais foram constituídas de uma planta, conduzida em vasos com capacidade para 2,5L, dispostos inteiramente ao acaso, arranjados em uma esquema fatorial (doses x espécies), com seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação herbicida glyphosate nas seguintes subdoses: 0; 7,5; 15; 30 e 60 g e.a. ha-1, na formulação comercial Scout®. A aplicação nas mudas foi realizada aos 120 dias após germinação. Foram realizadas avaliações dos efeitos dos tratamentos químicos (fitointoxicação) sobre as plantas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após aplicação, e após 90 dias foram avaliados a sobrevivência das plantas, condutância estomática, altura, diâmetro do caule e massa seca de parte aérea. As diferentes doses do herbicida não provocaram intoxicação às plantas. Já a dose de 30 e 60 g e.a. ha-1 proporcionou maiores incrementos em altura e diâmetro, bem como maiores massas secas em plantas de pau-viola e araçá-amarelo, respectivamente.

Recovery of degraded areas aims to provide the degraded environment favorable conditions for restructuring in an environment that is unable to regenerate itself and planting of tree seedlings is one of the effective ways to extend this process. However, native tree species have slow growth rate which increases the seedlings production time as well as decreases their competitiveness with weeds in areas of forests deployment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate reduced rates application on Psidium cattleyanum (yellow guava), Citharexylum myrianthum (pau-viola) and Cedrela odorata (cedro) seedlings development by analyzing its morphophysiological parameters. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions and the experimental units consisted of one plant were conducted in 2.5L plastic pots and arranged in a completely randomized design with six replications. Treatments consisted of glyphosate application at 0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60 g ha-1 using Scout® commercial formulation. Treatments application on these species seedlings was realized 120 days after seeds germination. Visual evaluations of plants phytotoxicity were realized at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatments application and plants survival, stomatal conductance, height, stem diameter and dry mass of shoots were evaluated 90 days after treatments application. Different doses of glyphosate did not cause plants phytotoxicity. Already, 30 and 60 g ha-1 of glyphosate provided greater increases in height, stem diameter and dry mass of shoots for Citharexylum myrianthum and Psidium cattleyanum, respectively.

Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de Cederla adorata L. (cedro) / n vitro antimicrobial activity of Cederla adorata L. (cedar)

Introducción: la corteza del fuste de Cedrela adorata L (cedro) es utilizada por la población para el tratamiento del asma, como vermífuga, antibacteriana, febrífuga y en cocimiento para dolores cuando se sufren caídas o golpes. Objetivo: identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes en esta parte de la planta y evaluar su posible actividad antibacteriana. Métodos: se recolectó la corteza del fuste de Cedrela adorata. El material vegetal fue lavado, desinfectado, secado y seguidamente se procedió a su pulverización. Este polvo se utilizó en la elaboración de los diferentes extractos y tintura. La tintura obtenida se concentró y se fraccionó sucesivamente con n-hexano, cloroformo, acetato de etilo y agua. A estos extractos se les realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico, ensayos microbiológicos y cromatografía de capa fina. Resultados: las pruebas in vitro efectuadas a los extractos obtenidos a partir de la tintura 20 por ciento, demostraron que estos presentan actividad antibacteriana frente a Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sp., Salmonella enterica y Enterobacter aerogene; destacándose los resultados obtenidos frente al Staphylococcus aureus, para el extracto hexánico de cedro. En estos extractos están presentes en mayor proporción alcaloides, triterpenos o esteroles, y quinonas, que son los responsables de esta actividad, lo cual se logró corroborar con la identificación de estos metabolitos secundarios mediante la cromatografía de capa fina y el tamizaje fitoquímico realizados. Conclusiones: mediante la cromatografía de capa fina y el tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos se identificaron alcaloides, triterpenos o esteroles, y quinonas, que pueden ser los responsables de la actividad antibacteriana

Introduction: the stem bark of Cedrela adorata L (cedar) is used by the population to treat asthma, as vermifuge, antibacterial and febrifuge, and in the form of decoction to relieve the pain caused by falls or bumps. Objective: identify the secondary metabolites present in this part of the plant and evaluate their potential antibacterial activity. Methods: stem bark from Cedrela adorata was collected. The plant material was washed, disinfected, dried and pulverized. The powder obtained was used to make the various extracts and the tincture. The latter was concentrated and successively fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. The extracts underwent phytochemical screening, microbiological assays and thin-layer chromatography. Results: in vitro tests of the extracts obtained from the 20 percent tincture showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sp., Salmonella enterica and Enterobacter aerogen. Antibacterial activity of the hexanic cedar extract against Staphylococcus aureus was noteworthy. Alkaloids, triterpenes or sterols, and quinones, which are found in a large proportion in the extracts, are responsible for the above-mentioned antibacterial activity. Identification of these secondary metabolites was confirmed through thin-layer chromatography and phytochemical screening. Conclusions: the alkaloids, triterpenes or sterols, and quinones potentially responsible for antibacterial activity were identified through thin-later chromatography and phytochemical screening

Antioxidant, Antliglycation and Antimicrobial Activities of Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata Extracts.

Aims: To determine the antioxidant, antiglycation and antibacterial activity of two selected plants found wild in Pakistan (Ziziphus oxyphylla and Cedrela serrata). Study Design: In vitro assessment of antioxidant assays, phenolic and flavonoid content, protein-glycation inhibition and antibacterial study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp Belgium (February - April 2013; Antioxidant, Protein glycation). Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Pakistan (March – June, 2012; antibacterial). Methodology: In vitro laboratory experimental tests; preparation of plant extracts, antioxidant assays (ABTS.+, PMS-NADH radicals), total phenol, total flavonoid; protein glycation (fluorescence); susceptibility tests (zones of inhibition). Results: The bark of C. serrata contained the highest amount of total phenol (0.35 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g extract) and exhibited significantly superior ABTS.+ and PMS superoxide radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 0.043 ± 0.001 mg/ml and 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/ml, respectively (P=0.05). Similarly, the protein-glycation assay revealed that the bark of C. serrata had the best inhibitory property with a low IC50 value of 0.61 ± 0.02 mg/ml (P=0.05), probably due to the presence of high amounts of total phenol. Furthermore, the various extracts showed considerable inhibition against both Gram–positive and – negative bacterial growth when compared against two standard drugs neomycin and doxycycline. Conclusion: The results of this study substantiate a probable role for these plants to be utilized as a natural source of antioxidant having a wide range of bioactivities.

Evaluation of Cedrela gum as a binder and bioadhesive component in ibuprofen tablet formulations

The compressional, mechanical and bioadhesive properties of tablet formulations incorporating a new gum obtained from the incised trunk of the Cedrela odorata tree were evaluated and compared with those containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Compressional properties were evaluated using Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, the angle of repose, and Heckel, Kawakita and Gurnham plots. Ibuprofen tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method. Bioadhesive studies were carried out using the rotating cylinder method in either phosphate buffer pH 6.8 or 0.1 M hydrochloric acid media. The gum is a low viscosity polymer (48 cPs), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of a hydroxyl group. Py and Pk values, which are measures of plasticity, showed the gum to be significantly (p<0.05) more plastic than HPMC, and plasticity increased with polymer concentration. All tablet formulations were non-friable (<1.0%), and the formulations containing the gum had a higher crushing strength (130.95 N) than those containing HPMC (117.85 N) at 2.0% w/w binder. Formulations incorporating the gum were non-disintegrating and had a significantly longer drug release time than those containing HPMC. At the highest binder concentration, Cedrela gum formulations adhered to incised pig ileum longer than those containing HPMC. Cedrela gum exhibited better compressive, flow and binding properties than HPMC and is suitable as a bioadhesive and for sustained release of drugs.

Propriedades de compressão, mecânicas e de formulações de comprimidos bioadesivos, que incorporam nova goma de mascar obtidas a partir de incisão de tronco da árvore de Cedrela odorata, foram avaliadas e comparadas com aquelas contendo hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC). Propriedades de compressão foram avaliadas usando a razão de Hausner, índice de Carr, ângulo de repouso e os gráficos de Heckel, Kawakita e Gurnham. Prepararam-se comprimidos de ibuprofeno utilizando o método de granulação a úmido. Realizaram-se estudos de bioadesividade utilizando o método de cilindro rotativo em tampão fosfato pH 6,8, ou meio ácido com 0,1 M de ácido clorídrico. A goma é um polímero de baixa viscosidade (48 cPs) e a espectroscopia no infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) revelou a presença de um grupo hidroxila. Valores de Py e Pk, que são medidas de plasticidade, mostraram que a goma é significativamente (p <0,05) mais plástica do que HPMC e que a plasticidade aumenta com a concentração de polímero. Todas as formulações de comprimidos mostraram-se não-friáveis (<1,0%) e aquelas contendo a goma apresentaram maior resistência ao esmagamento (130.95N) do que aquelas contendo HPMC (117.85N) em 2,0% (p/p) do ligante. As formulações que incorporaram a goma eram não-desintegrantes e apesentaram tempo de liberação significativamente maior do que aquelas contendo HPMC. As formulações de goma de Cedrela aderiram à incisão de íleo de porco por tempo maior do que aquelas contendo HPMC com a maior concentração de ligante. A goma Cedrela apresentou melhor fluxo, compressão e propriedades de ligação do que HPMC e é adequada como bioadesivo e para a liberação sustentada de fármacos.

Effects of donor plant age and explants on in vitro culture of Cedrela montanaMoritz ex Turcz

Para evaluar el potencial organogénico de Cedrela montanaMoritz ex Turcz, se colectaron explantes de árboles maduros (10-20 años) y juveniles (7-18 meses). Los primeros incluyeron yemas,hojas y nudos de brotes juveniles (ubicados hacia la parte basal deltronco) y rejuvenecidos (obtenidos a partir de estacas). Los segundoshojas, peciolos, nudos, entrenudos y nudos de brotes elongados invitro. Los nudos de árboles juveniles presentaron el mayor potencialorganogénico, ya que el 45,8% de los explantes presentaron elongaciónde yemas axilares y el 56,2% enraizamiento en medio sin reguladoresde crecimiento. El 51% de los brotes elongados formaron brotesadventicios con 0.5 μM NAA y 0.5 μM BA, el 30% con 0.5 μM NAAy 1 μM BA, y el 30% con 1 μM BA; y el 20% raíces con 0,5 μM NAA.La formación de raíces se vio estimulada con la adición de carbónactivado (5 gL-1) en el medio. El 80% de las plántulas regeneradas apartir de nudos y el 72,5% de las provenientes de brotes generadosin vitro se aclimataron exitosamente. Por el contrario, explantesde árboles maduros presentaron baja respuesta organogénica.Elongación de yemas axilares fue registrada solamente en 10.7% delos nudos de brotes juveniles y en 6.7% de aquellos provenientes debrotes rejuvenecidos. En conclusión, la edad de la planta donadoray el tipo de explante influyen sobre el potencial organogénico de C.montana. Este estudio contribuyó al conocimiento de la respuesta deesta especie bajo condiciones in vitro...

To evaluate the organogenic potential ofCedrela montana Moritz ex Turcz, explants from mature(10-20 year-old) and juvenile (7-18 month-old) treeswere collected. The first grouping included buds, leaves,and nodes derived from juvenile basal offshoots andrejuvenated shoots from cuttings. The second, includedleaves, petioles, nodes, internodes and nodes of in vitroelongated shoots. The highest organogenic potential wasobserved in nodes from juvenile trees: 45.8% of explantspresented axillary bud elongation, while 56.2% presentedrooting in a growth regulator free culture medium. Fiftyonepercent of elongated shoots produced adventitiousshoots with 0.5 μM NAA and 0.5 μM BA; 30% with0.5 μM NAA and 1 μM BA; and 30% with 1 μM BA.Twenty percent presented roots with 0.5 μM NAA. Rootformation was stimulated in a medium supplementedwith activated charcoal (5 gL-1). The acclimatizationof eighty percent of plantlets regenerated from nodes,and of 72.5% in vitro generated shoots was successful.On the contrary, mature trees material presented loworganogenic response. Axillary bud elongation wasrecorded just in 10.7% of explants from juvenile shootsand in 6.7% of explants from rejuvenated shoots. Inconclusion the age of donor plant and type of explantaffect the organogenic potential of C. montana. Thisstudy contributes to the understanding of this species’response under in vitro conditions...

Para avaliar o potencial organogênico da Cedrela montanaMoritz ex Turcz, explantes derivados de árvores adultas (10-20 anos)e jovens (7-18 meses) foram coletados. O primeiro incluiu brotos,folhas, e nós derivados de brotações jovens (localizado na direçãoda parte basal do tronco) e rejuvenescida (obtido a partir de estacas).O segundo incluía folhas, pecíolos, nós, entrenós e nós de brotosalongados in vitro. Maior potencial organogênico foi observado emnós de árvores jovens, em que o alongamento de brotos foi obtidoem 45,8% dos explantes e o enraizamento atingiu 56,2% em meiosem reguladores de crescimento. Brotos adventícios foram induzidasem 51% dos rebentos gerados in vitro com 0.5 μM NAA e 0.5 μM BA;30% de indução ocorreu com 0.5 μM NAA e 1 μM BA; 30% com 1μM BA. Raízes adventícias foram induzidas em 20% dos rebentoscom 0,5 μM NAA. Formação de raízes foi estimulada com carvão ativado(5 gL-1) no meio. 80% das plântulas regeneradas a partir de nós e 72,5%das plântulas a partir de brotações obtidas in vitro foram aclimatizadascom sucesso. Em contraste, explantes derivados de árvores adultasapresentou resposta organogênica baixo. Alongamento de brotos degemas axilares foi registrado somente em 10,7% dos nós de brotaçõesjovens e 6,7% das brotações ejuvenescidas. Em conclusão a idade daplanta doadora e o tipo de explante afeta o potencial de organogênesein vitro da C. montana. Este estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento daresposta desta espécie sob condições in vitro...

Comportamento meiótico durante a microsporogênese em espécies da família meliaceae / Comportamiento meiótica durante la microsporogénesis en especies de la familia meliaceae / Meiotic behavior during microsporogenesis of some species of meliaceae family

A família Meliaceae inclui espécies de grande interesse agronômico, ecológico, econômico e ornamental de alto potencial madeireiro no mundo. No Brasil ocorrem cerca de seis gêneros e 100 espécies. Considerando a falta de estudos citológicos para esse grupo, este trabalho descreve o comportamento meiótico durante a microsporogênese de seis espécies (Trichilia pallida, Trichilia elegans, Trichilia catigua, Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana, Guarea guidonea) da família Meliaceae, representando quatro dos seis gêneros que estão presentes no Brasil. Inflorescências foram coletadas e fixadas em etanol/ácido acético (3:1 v/v) por 24 horas, transferidos para álcool a 70%, e acondicionadas sob refrigeração. As lâminas foram preparadas pela técnica de esmagamento, coradas com carmim acético a 1%. A análise citogenética revelou poucas irregularidades meióticas, sendo estas relacionadas a segregação dos cromossomos, fusos irregulares e conexão citoplasmática. Como consequência da segregação irregular dos cromossomos na meiose I e II e da organização irregular dos fusos na meiose II, o padrão de citocinese também foi irregular originando tétrades com micrócitos e tríades, resultando em micrósporos desbalanceados e de núcleo restituído (2n).

The Meliaceae family includes the most important species with great agronomic, ecological, economic and ornamental value and high timber potential in the world. In Brazil, approximately six genera and 100 species are found. Considering the lack of cytological studies for its genera, the present study describes the meiotic behavior during microsporogenesis of six species of the Meliaceae family, representing four of the six genera that are present in Brazil; these species are: Trichilia pallida, Trichilia elegans, Trichilia catigua, Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana, Guarea guidonea. Inflorescences were collected and fixed in ethanol/acetic acid (3:1 v/v) for 24 hours, transferred to alcohol at 70%, and stored under refrigeration. The slides were prepared by squashing, and stained with acetic carmine 1% and observed under optical microscopy. Cytogenetic analysis revealed few meiotic irregularities, which are related to segregation of chromosome spindles and irregular cytoplasmic connection. As a result of irregular segregation of chromosomes during meiosis I and II and the irregular organization of the spindles in meiosis II, the pattern of cytokinesis was also irregular resulting in microcytic tetrads and triads, unbalanced microspores and restored nuclei (2n).

La familia Meliaceae incluye especies de gran interés agronómico, ecológico, económico y ornamental de alto potencial maderero en el mundo. En Brasil ocurren cerca de seis géneros y 100 especies. Considerando la falta de estudios citológicos para ese grupo, este trabajo describe el comportamiento meiótica durante la microsporogénesis de seis especies (Trichilia pallida, Trichilia elegans, Trichilia catigua, Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana, Guarea guidonea) de la familia Meliaceae, representando cuatro de los seis géneros que están presentes en Brasil. Inflorescencias fueran colectadas y fijadas en etanol/ácido acético (3:1 v/v) por 24 horas, transferidos para alcohol a 70%, y acondicionadas bajo refrigeración. Las láminas fueron preparadas por la técnica de aplastamiento, coloradas con carmín acético a 1%. El análisis citogenética reveló pocas irregularidades meióticas, siendo éstas relacionadas a la segregación de los cromosomas, fusos irregulares y conexión citoplasmática. Como consecuencia de segregación irregular de cromosomas en la meiosis I y II y de la organización irregular de los fusos en la meiosis II, el estándar de citocinesis también fue irregular originando tétradas con micrófitos y tríades, resultando en micros poros desbalanceados y de núcleo restituido (2n).

Use of grafting to prevent Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) damage to new world Meliaceae species

The susceptible species Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla to attack by Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller) larvae were grafted onto the resistant species Khaya senegalensis and Toona ciliata. Six-month-old grafted plants were then compared to their reciprocal grafts and to both intact (non-grafted) and autografted plants for damage due to H. grandella larvae and for their effects on larval performance. Two experiments were conducted: one in which the apical bud of the main plant shoot was inoculated with H. grandella eggs, and the other in which the bud was inoculated with third instars. Damage in each experiment was assessed by the number of frass piles, number and length of tunnels, number of damaged leaves, and damage to the apical bud. Larval performance was evaluated in terms of time to reach pupation and pupal weight and length. In both experiments, plant damage differed significantly among treatments (P < 0.03). Resistant rootstocks conferred resistance to susceptible scions. In both experiments, grafting by itself, regardless of the rootstock and scion combination, also reduced damage caused by H. grandella larvae. Scions of autografted susceptible species had similar resistance to susceptible scions grafted on resistant rootstocks. Few larvae reached pupation, and their pupal weight and length were similar.

Relaciones entre anatomía foliar, intercambio de gases y crecimiento en juveniles de cuatro especies forestales / Relations between foliar anatomy, gas exchange and growth in juveniles of four forest species / Relações entre anatomia foliar, intercâmbio de gases e crescimento em juvenis de quatro espécies florestais

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo relacionar la estructura anatómica foliar con las características ecofisiológicas de Cordia thaisiana (Boraginaceae), Cedrela odorata y Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) y Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) durante la fase de establecimiento (<2 años), cultivadas en una región al Sur del Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Se realizaron cortes transversales de las láminas foliares, tinciones, mediciones de intercambio gaseoso (CO2 y H2O) y mediciones de crecimiento. Todas las especies presentaron hojas hipoestomáticas, con epidermis uniestratificada en ambas caras, mesófilo bifacial, parénquima esponjoso medianamente laxo y estomas anomocíticos. Se detectaron diferencias significativas para las variables número de estomas/mm², espesores de lámina foliar, parénquima en empalizada, parénquima esponjoso y epidermis. La mayor tasa de asimilación (A) de CO2 ocurrió en C. odorata y la menor en C. thaisiana. Esta última especie presentó los mejores rendimientos en crecimiento diametral y longitudinal, y, en consecuencia, es la especie más apta para integrar plantaciones agroforestales en el sitio estudiado.

The aim of the study was to compare anatomical structure of the leaves and ecophysiological traits of the species Cordia thaisiana (Boraginaceae), Cedrela odorata, Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) cultivated in the South of the Maracaibo Lake, Venezuela. Transverse leaf sections were prepared and stained, and gas exchange (CO2 and H2O) and growth were measured. All the species had hypostomatics leaves with monostratified epidermis at both surfaces, bifacial mesophyll moderately lax spongy parenchyma, and anomocytic stomata. Significant differences were found for the number of stomata/mm² and leaf thickness, as well as palisade, spongy parenchyma and epidermis thicknesses. The gas exchange parameters showed that C. odorata has the highest photosynthetic rate (A) and C. thaisiana the lowest rate. The latter species presented better yields, with higher diametrical and length growth, being thus recommended for agroforestry plantations in the studied site.

Este estudo teve por objetivo relacionar a estrutura anatômica foliar com as características ecofisiológicas de Cordia thaisiana (Boraginaceae), Cedrela odorata e Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) e Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae) durante a fase de estabelecimento (<2 anos), cultivadas em uma região ao Sul do Lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Realizaram-se cortes transversais das lâminas foliares, tinção, medições de intercâmbio gasoso (CO2 e H2O) e medições de crescimento. Todas as espécies apresentaram folhas hipoestomáticas, com epiderme uniestratificada em ambas caras, mesófilo bifacial, parênquima esponjoso medianamente laxo e estomatos anomocíticos. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas para as variáveis número de estomas/mm², espessores de lâmina foliar, parênquima em empalizada, parênquima esponjoso e epiderme. A maior taxa de assimilação (A) de CO2 ocorreu em C. odorata e a menor em C. thaisiana. Esta última espécie apresentou os melhores rendimentos em crescimento diametral e longitudinal, e, em consequência, é a espécie mais apta para integrar plantações agroflorestais na área estudada.

Water use in four model tropical plant associations established in the lowlands of Costa Rica

We examined soil water use patterns of four model plant associations established in the North Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica by comparing the stable hydrogen isotope composition, δD, in xylem sap and in soil water at different depths, under rainy and dry conditions. Four 5-year-old model plant associations composed of 2 tree species (Hyeronima alchorneoides and Cedrela odorata) having different architecture and phenology were studied. Average tree height was 8.9 and 7.6 m, respectively. Each tree species was grown in monoculture and in polyculture with 2 perennial monocotyledons (Euterpe oleracea and Heliconia imbricata). Maximum rooting depth at the time of δD determination was ~ 2 m for almost all species. Most roots of all species were concentrated in the upper soil layers. Stomatal conductance to water vapor (gS) was higher in the deciduous C. odorata than in the evergreen H. alchorneoides; within each species, gS did not differ when the trees were grown in mono or in polyculture. During the rainy season, gradients in soil water δD were not observed. Average rainy season xylem sap δD did not differ among members of the plant combinations tested (-30 ‰), and was more similar to δD values of shallow soil water. Under dry conditions, volumetric soil water content declined from 50 to ~ 35%, and modest gradients in soil water δD were observed. xylem sap δD obtained during dry conditions was significantly lower than rainy season values. xylem sap δD of plants growing in the four associations varied between -9 and -22‰, indicating that shallow water was predominantly absorbed during the dry period too. Differences in xylem sap δD of trees and monocots were also detected, but no significant patterns emerged. The results suggest that: a) the plant associations examined extracted water predominantly from shallow soil layers (<1 m), b) the natural isotopic variation in soil and plant water at the study site was low, and c) the plant mixes obtain water from more than a single soil layer simultaneously. Temporal factors were important in determining the competition and complementary relations observed among the trees and the perennial monocots. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, water use in these plant associations was determined largely by species-specific attributes such as biomass allocation to fine roots, phenology, and canopy architecture, and to a lesser extent by water limitations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1947-1957. Epub 2008 December 12.

Examinamos los patrones de uso de agua del suelo de cuatro asociaciones vegetales establecidas en el Caribe norte de Costa Rica, comparando la composición isotópica del hidrógeno, δD, en la savia del xilema y en el agua del suelo en condiciones lluviosas y secas. Estudiamos cuatro asociaciones de cinco años de edad compuestas por dos árboles (Hyeronima alchorneoides y Cedrela odorata) con diferente arquitectura y fenología, cultivados en mono y policultivo con dos monocotiledóneas perennes (Euterpe oleracea y Heliconia imbricata). Las excavaciones mostraron que la profundidad máxima de las raíces fue de 2 m para casi todas las especies, y que la mayor densidad de raíces se encontraba en la superficie del suelo. La conductividad estomática (gS) fue mayor en el árbol caducifolio (C. odorata) que en el perennifolio (H. alchorneoides); dentro de cada especie, gS no difirió cuando los árboles fueron cultivados en mono o en policultivo. Los resultados sugieren que: a) las asociaciones examinadas extrajeron agua predominantemente de las capas superficiales del suelo (<1 m), b) la variación natural en el acceso al agua del suelo por parte de las especies, y en las propiedades del suelo, fue baja, y c) las combinaciones de plantas obtuvieron agua de varias capas del perfil del suelo simultáneamente. Los factores relacionados con el tiempo fueron importantes en la determinación de las relaciones de competencia y complementariedad observadas entre los árboles y las monocotiledóneas perennes. En las condiciones ambientales prevalecientes, el uso del agua por parte de estas asociaciones de plantas fue determinado más por atributos, como la asignación de biomasa a las raíces finas, la fenología, y las propiedades del dosel, que por limitaciones en la disponibilidad de agua.